Sunday, May 17, 2020

Thermodynamic Scale of Temperature :- ABSOLUTE

By Suryakant PrasadMay 17, 2020Physicals lab No comments:

Thermodynamic Scale of Temperature :- ABSOLUTE

An absolute temperature scale is independentof the properties of the substances.The temperatures are always measured by making use of properties e.g. thermal expansion of liquids and gases, the variation of thermo e.m.f. and electrical resistance with temperature etc.

Lord kelvin from the study of the effeciency of reversible engion could define a new scale of temperature which a independent of the particular substance because the efdficency of a reversible engion itself is independent of the working substance

6.2 The Thermodynamic Temperature Scale;-

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Absolute temperature scale, any thermometric scale on which a reading of zero coincides with the theoretical absolute zero of temperature—i.e., the thermodynamic equilibrium state of minimum energy. The standard measure of temperature in the International System of Units is the Kelvin (K) scale, on which the only point established by arbitrary definition is the unique temperature at which the liquid, solid, and vapour forms of water can be maintained simultaneously. The interval between this temperature and absolute zero is defined as 273.16 kelvins, and the temperature of this “triple point” is designated 273.16 K (since 1967, no longer written °K). In essence, the Kelvin scale is the Celsius (°C) temperature scale shifted by 273.15 degrees (because the triple point of water is actually 0.01 °C), with the same size unit of temperature.

(The considerations of Carnot cycles in this section have not mentioned the working medium. They are thus not limited to an ideal gas and hold for Carnot cycles with any medium. )

More specifically, we can define a thermodynamic temperature scale that is independent of the working medium. Earlier we derived the Carnot efficiency with an ideal gas as a medium and the temperature definition used in the ideal gas equation was not essential to the thermodynamic arguments. To see this, consider the situation shown below in Figure 6.2, which has three reversible cycles. There is a high temperature heat reservoir at

and a low temperature heat reservoir at

. For any two temperatures

, the Ratio of the magnitudes of the heat absorbed and rejected in a Carnot cycle has the same value for all systems.

**Figure :** Arrangement of heat engines to demonstrate the thermodynamic temperature scale

We choose the cycles so is the same for A and C. Also is the same for B and C. For a Carnot cycle

$\displaystyle \eta =1+\frac{Q_L}{Q_H} = F(T_L,\;T_H);\;\eta\textrm{ is onlya function of temperature.}$

Also

$\displaystyle \frac{Q_1}{Q_2}= F(T_1,\; T_2),$

$\displaystyle \frac{Q_2}{Q_3}= F(T_2,\; T_3),$

$\displaystyle \frac{Q_1}{Q_3}= F(T_1,\; T_3).$

But

$\displaystyle \frac{Q_1}{Q_3}=\frac{Q_1}{Q_2}\frac{Q_2}{Q_3}.$

Hence

$\displaystyle \underbrace{F(T_1,\;T_3)}_\textrm{Not a function of $T_2$} = \underbrace{F(T_1,\;T_2)\times F(T_2,\;T_3)}_\textrm{Cannot be a function of $T_2$}.$

We thus conclude that $F(T_1,\;T_2)$ has the form

, and similarly $F(T_2,\;T_3)=f(T_2)/f(T_3)$ . The ratio of the heat exchanged is therefore

$\displaystyle \frac{Q_1}{Q_3}=F(T_1,\;T_3)=\frac{f(T_1)}{f(T_3)}.$

In general,

$\displaystyle \frac{Q_H}{Q_L} =\frac{f(T_H)}{f(T_L)},$

so that the ratio of the heat exchanged is a function of the temperature. We could choose any function that is monotonic, and one choice is the simplest: . This is the thermodynamic scale of temperature,

. The temperature defined in this manner is the same as that for the ideal gas; the thermodynamic temperature scale and the ideal gas scale are equivalent..

CLASSIFICATION OF BONDING IN SOLIDS:-

By Suryakant PrasadMay 15, 2020Materials No comments:

BONDS IN SOLID

DEFINE:-

  A solid consists of billions of atoms closely packed and held together by strong mutual or interatomic forces of attraction. The attraction and repulsion forces that tend to hold adjacent atoms at a certain spacing to keep the balance between the opposing forces are known as bonds. This process of holding the atoms together is known as atoms. These bonds between atoms make it possible for them to combine in a large mass to form a solid.

  The mechanical, physical, electrical and other properties of solids are influenced by the bonds. Therefore, different solids differ in their properties.

  Bonds formed between atoms of solids are known as interatomic bonds because they are formed either by transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to another or by sharing of electrons between the atoms.

CLASSIFICATION OF BONDING IN SOLIDS:-

#Various types of bonds found in solids:_
(I) Ionic bond,
(II) Covalent bond,
(III) Metallic bond,
(IV) Van der waal &molecular bond

IONIC BOND:-


Properties of ionic Bonding __

(a) Ionic bonds are generally crystalline in structure, in which ions of one type are surrounded by ions of other type in a systematic way.
(b) These bonds are fair strong.
(c) Due to high binding energies, the ionic crystals have high melting and boiling point.
(d) Poor conductor of heat and electricity as compared to original metals.
(e) Ionic crystals are highly soluble in ionizing solvents such as water and polar solvent like NH3.
(f) They are transparent

Larry Tesler, man who created cut-copy-paste and paved for Apple Mac, dies at 74

By Suryakant PrasadFebruary 21, 2020History Gk No comments:

New York (CNN)Larry Ellison's first year on the Tesla board has been very, very profitable.

Ellison, the co-founder of Oracle Corporation and one of the world's richest men, joined the Tesla board on Dec. 27, 2018. Before he did, though, he purchased 3 million shares of electric carmaker's stock, the company said late last year.

[Tesler is no more the father of cut, copy and paste, Steve Jobs told him - you are sitting on a gold mine, the world can change. ]

Larry Tesler, a 74-year-old scientist who invented the computer to cut, copy and paste, died. Fuss in New York and Ruri Larry from Stanford University in computer science began their career at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center in 1973. Lesler collaborated with Tim Mont to create Gypsy Tech Editor in this research. Similarly, in Gypsy Tech Editor, he prepared a method to copy and move Ko. This indicator of Tesler made it much easier for people to use personal computers. Apart from this, he created many brands like Funds and Replace, which can be easy from writing to software developering. Her Inder became popular in 1983 when it was used in Apple's software for Lisa Computer. Tesler has also worked at Apple, Amazon and Yahoo.

Simplified the use of computers with commands like Find, Replace; -

Larry Tesler started working in Silicon Valley in the 1960s. This was the time when computers were limited to few people. Lari joined Apple in 1980 after leaving Xerox. He was working here for 17 years as the Chief Scientist. He said at Robert's Churchill Club event in 2011 - 'I remember the day of September 27, 1979, when I had the opportunity to show Apple co-founder Steve Jobs an Xerox Alto computer. This included icons, windows, folders, icons, and my cut, copy and paste techniques. It seems that at the time Steve looked quite excited. They stared at me, sometimes staring at the screen. They were circling around the room. As soon as the presentation was over, they came towards me and said - You are sitting on a gold mine. Why are you not doing anything with this technique. . . You can change the world. I told him - if you think this technique can do something like that then why don't you use it. Suffice it to say that they immediately contracted me for a new amendment.

[कट, कॉपी और पेस्ट के जनक टेस्लर नहीं रहे, स्टीव जॉब्स ने उनसे कहा था- आप सोने की खान पर बैठे है, दुनिया बदल सकते है। ]

कम्प्यूटर में कट,कॉपी और पेस्ट की कमांड का अविष्कार करने वाले 74 साल के वैज्ञानिक लैरी टेस्लर का निधन हो गया। न्यूयोर्क में जमे और स्टैनफोर्ड यूनिवर्सिटी से कंप्यूटर साइंस से ग्रेजुएट लैरी ने 1973 में जेरोक्स पालो अल्टो रिसर्च सेंटर से करियर शुरू किया था। लेसलर ने इस रिसर्च में टिम मॉन्ट के साथ मिलकर जिप्सी टेक्स्ट एडिटर तैयार किया। इसी जिप्सी टेक्स्ट एडिटर में उन्होंने टेक्स्ट को कॉपी और मूव करने के लिए मेथड तैयार किया । टेस्लर के इस आविष्कार ने लोगों के लिए पर्सनल कम्प्यूटर इस्तेमाल करना काफी आसान बना दिया । इसके अलावा उन्होंने फाइंड और रिप्लेस जैसी कई कमांड बनाईं , जिनसे टेक्स्ट लिखने से लेकर सॉफ्टवेयर डेवलप करने जैसे कई काम आसान हो गए । उनकी यह कमांड तब लोकप्रिय हुई , जब 1983 में इसे एपल के सॉफ्टवेयर में लिसा कम्प्यूटर के लिए इस्तेमाल किया गया । टेस्लर ने एपल , अमेजन और याहू में भी काम किया है ।

फाइंड, रिप्लेस जैसे कमांड से कम्प्यूटर का इस्तेमाल सरल किया ;-

लैरी टेस्लर ने 1960 के दशक में सिलिकॉन वैली में काम करना शुरू किया था । यह वो वक्त था , जब कम्प्यूटर कुछ लोगों तक ही सीमित था । जेरॉक्स छोड़ने के बाद लैरी ने 1980 में एपल ज्वाइन की । यहां 17 साल तक बतौर चीफ साइंटिस्ट काम किया । उन्होंने 2011 में कैलिफोर्निया के चर्चिल क्लब कार्यक्रम में कहा था - ' 27 सितंबर 1979 का दिन मुझे अच्छी तरह याद है , जब मुझे एपल के सह संस्थापक स्टीव जॉब्स को जेरॉक्स का अल्टो कम्प्यूटर दिखाने का मौका मिला । इसमें आइकन , विंडो , फोल्डर , माउस और मेरी कट , कॉपी और पेस्टकी तकनीक शामिल थी । इसे देखते समय स्टीव काफी उत्साहित नजर आए । वे कभी मेरी ओर तो कभी स्क्रीन पर टकटकी लगाकर देखते रहे । वे कमरे के चारों ओर चक्कर काट रहे थे । प्रेजेंटेशन खत्म होते ही वे मेरी ओर आए और बोले - आप तो सोने की खान पर बैठे हैं । आप इस तकनीक के साथ क्यों कुछ नहीं कर रहे हैं . . . आप दुनिया बदल सकते हैं । मैंने उनसे कहा - अगर आपको लगता है कि यह तकनीक ऐसा कुछ कर सकती है तो आप क्यों नहीं इसका इस्तेमाल करते हैं । इतना कहते ही उन्होंने तत्काल मुझे नए असाइनमेंट के लिए अनुबंधित किया ।

Education system GK current Affairs knowledge

By Suryakant PrasadFebruary 10, 2020Top GK No comments:

Education system GK current Affairs knowledge:-

१. 35 वीं सीनियर वुमन नेशनल वेटलिप्फैटिंग चैम्पियन कहा आयोजित हुई ?
a. जयपुर
b. लखनऊ
c. कोलकाता
d. गुवाहटी

२. इंडिया इंटरनेशनल सीफूड शो 2020 का आयोजन किस शहर में किया जा रहा है ?
a. विशाखापटनम
b. मुंबई
c. कोच्चि
d. चेन्नई

३. UAE की जीडीपी का........ प्रतिशत आयल और गैस पर निर्भर है।
a. 25
b. 30
c. 35
d. 405

४. किस राजय की कैबिनेट ने सुन्नी वक्फ बोर्ड को 5 एकड़ भूमि दिए जाने के प्रस्ताव की मंज़ूरी है ?
a. महराष्ट्र
b. उत्तर प्रदेश
c. मध्यप्रदेश
d. उत्तराखंड

५. जान सेवक योजना क शुरुवात किस राजय ने की है ?
a. कर्णाटक
b. महराष्ट्र
c. आंध्रप्रदेश
d. असम

६. इंटरनेशन इन्टलेक्चुल प्रॉपर्टी इंडेक्स 2019 में भारत का कौन सा स्थान रहा ?
a. 23 वां
b. 36 वां
c. 40 वां
d. 15 वां

७. कुछ रोग निवारक के लिए किये गए प्रयास के लिए किसे इंटरनेशन गांधी अवार्ड से सम्मनित किया गया है ?
a. डॉ. रेणुका रामकृष्णन
b. प्रियंवदा चुग
c. डॉ. राम मलकानी
d. डॉ. NS धर्म शक्तु

८. राष्ट्रीय वयोश्री योजना की शुरुआत कब की गई थी ?
a. 2015
b. 2016
c. 2017
d. 2018

९. किस राज्य में भारत सरकार वधवन पोर्ट की स्थापना करने जा रही है ?
a. केरल
b. पश्चिम बंगाल
c. महाराष्ट्र
d. तमिलनडु

१०. High energy material research laboratory कंहा स्थित है ?
a. पुणे
b. बेंगलुरु
c. नई दिल्ली
d. अहमदाबाद

११. क्रूड की माप की जाती है ?
a. बैरिल प्रतिदिन से
b. गैलन प्रतिमिनिट से
c. बैरल प्रति स्ट्रीम दिन से
d. बैरल प्रतिघंटा से

१२. डिफेंस एक्सपो 2020 भारत का...... संस्करण है।
a. 10 वां
b. 11 वां
c. 12 वां
d. 13 वां

१३. भारत का पहला इंटीग्रेटेड स्टील कहा स्थापित किया गया है ?
a. भिलाई
b. दुर्गपुर
c. बोकारो
d. रावउकेला

१४. जी-7 समिट का आयोजन कब किया जायेगा ?
a. 10 जून 2020
b. 11 जुलाई 2020
c. 12 जून 2020
d. 10 जुलाई 2020

१५. अमिताभ भट्ट को......... नियुक्त किया गया है।
a. एडमिनिस्ट्रेटिव आफिसर
b. चीफ एग्जिक्यूटिव ऑफिसर
c. चीफ फाइनेंशियल ऑफिसर
d. चीफ ऑपरेटिंग ऑफिसर

Ans 1c,2c,3c,4b,5a,6c,7d,8c,9c,10a,11a,12b,13d,14,15b.

The First National Bird in The World

By Suryakant PrasadDecember 14, 2019Top GK No comments:

The First National Bird in The World:-

On July 4, 1776, the Second Continental Congress of the United States issued the declaration of independence and decided that the new United States must have a special national emblem. On June 20, 1782, the Congress of the United States passed a resolution to regard the unique white headed sea sculpture of North America as the national bird of the United States, and take this bird as the main body of the national emblem pattern. It is the first "national bird" in the world.White headed sea eagles are popular with the American people because of their North American landmarks and vigorous posture. Today, the image of white headed sea eagles can be seen everywhere in the United States.

White headed sea eagles, also known as white headed eagles, bald eagles, American Eagles and American Eagles, are a kind of raptors in North America. Their active areas are usually in open water areas, and their food is mainly fish. However, they also hunt different prey according to different environments. The white headed sea eagle is the national bird of the United States and one of the most important symbols of the United States.

White headed sea eagles prefer to live near the coast, rivers and lakes, because there are many fish in these places, which are very rich food resources for them. Research shows that they prefer rivers with a circumference of more than 11 kilometers, and lakes with an area of more than 10 square kilometers are the most suitable for white headed sea eagles in breeding period. White headed sea eagles are good at flying. They can fly at speeds of 56 to 70 kilometers per hour when gliding and flapping their wings. If they catch fish in flight, they can still fly at speeds of 48 kilometers per hour.

People who have seen the white headed sea sculpture will be attracted by its powerful appearance and vigorous posture. Its body length can reach one meter, its wingspan can exceed two meters, and it weighs 3 to 6 kilograms. Its average life span is about 20 years, but it's not uncommon to live to 40-50 years old. White headed sea eagles have bright yellow eyes, beaks and claws. Adult white headed sea eagles, both male and female, are covered with brown feathers, but the head, neck and tail are white feathers.

Interestingly, the English name of the sea eagle with white head is bald eagle, which is translated as "vulture". This is probably because it is white from the forehead to the neck. At a glance, it will think that it is "bald". In fact, it is only "white head", not "bald head".

The milky way is a Spiral Galaxy

By Suryakant PrasadDecember 13, 2019Universal-Galaxy No comments:

The milky way is a Spiral Galaxy -

After 75 years of research, radio, infrared and even x-ray telescopes have confirmed their existence, and found that the spiral cloud extends 100000 light-years (the diameter of the disk), with a thickness of 1000 light-years (the thickness of the disk). On this gorgeous disk, our tiny solar system lies on the inner edge of an arm, about 25000 light-years from the center.

Human beings determining the shape of the galaxy is like that a microorganism determines the shape of the earth. We can't get a good location to identify it, because this location must exist outside the galaxy. But looking at it from the outside of the galaxy gives you an overall picture of it.

In an area free from air pollution, the Milky way can be seen with the naked eye. When enjoying the beautiful scenery, the observer will notice that the twinkling stars are arranged in a narrow strip area through the darkness. There is a fuzzy bulge between this area, which is wider than the ribbon area on both sides. The appearance of such a compressed band of stars shows that we are looking at the side of a disk. The Milky way is a flat disk in which the bulge is the center of the galaxy.

Also, when we locate stars and measure their velocities, we find that this vector has a rotation component different from that of random motion. This is the characteristic of spiral galaxies. A star like the sun is formed when a huge dense cloud of hydrogen gas gathers under gravity. The remaining hydrogen dust or gas is dispersed by the new star flare. When the cloud interacts with light, it randomly scatters photons and creates light spots near the star. We can locate stars by searching for these spots, which are sun care landmarks. When astronomers located these points, they found that stars were focused on spiraling branches of light protruding from the center. We call these spiral branches "spiral arms" of spiral galaxies.

We study the properties of other spiral galaxies, such as the dust content, the order of stars and their speed, and compare them with our galaxy. Obviously, these findings are like the appearance of twins, with flat disks, gas friction, color and dust content shared by all spiral galaxies.

"Flower" in The Universe

We often see beautiful nebulae in satellite pictures of the universe. So what is a nebula? According to the scientists, a nebula is a kind of gas. It is usually composed of dust, hydrogen, helium and other ionized gases, just like the rainbow we see on earth.

So, some friends are curious, the universe does not exist in a void environment, why are nebulae? In fact, the nebula is not visible alone, and the universe is not without a minor gas, the nebula is through a universe of little gas and dust, slowly building an object that we now together to form a cloud lets see. - Nebula.

The trend of nebula is very large. The nebulae we see with our detectors are usually tens of light years in size, and as the name suggests, they are very low in density, like clouds on our planet, floating in space. The nebula is closely related to stars and, as described above, are clusters of dust and gas.

Universe, Galaxy, Portrait, Double

In fact, the nebula is not only beautiful, large nebulae are often accompanied by the birth of stars, once the size of the nebula, will continue to squeeze together, gradually forming a giant form. Increasing gravity will attract millions of millions of years or more of dust, gases and other substances, which we know are larger in size.

Starry Sky, Sky, Mountain, Long Exposure

Starry Sky, Sky, Mountain, Long Exposure

And the beautiful nebulae that we see, most of the planetary nebulae, are due to the fact that the center of the nebulae, or nearby, has glowing stars that reflect and refract light through the nebulae. As early as 1758, nebulae were discovered by a French astronomer, because of its unique characteristics, named nebulae, we also through the characteristics of nebulae glow, the nebulae into luminous gas clouds, dark nebulae, reflection nebulae and emission nebulae.

Galaxy, Space, Milky Way, Celebrities

Stars Milky Way and colorful nebulae decorate the universe so beautifully and also enhance man's determination to explore the universe. When we look at the entire universe, the more mystery we discover, the more mysterious it feels to us, and the more awe we have. In the future, with the development of anthropology and technology, we may get more secrets!

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